1)   Match the following:

List I                                               List II

a. Interaction Analysis                    Edgar Dale

b. Programmed Learning                Sidney L Pressy

c. Teaching Machines                      Flanders

d. Cone of experience                      Skinner


A) a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1

B) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1

C) a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4

D) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2

 Interaction Analysis → Flanders (3): Developed FIACS (Flanders’ Interaction Analysis Category System) to study classroom interaction between teacher and students.

 Programmed Learning → Skinner (4): Pioneered programmed instruction based on operant conditioning principles.

Teaching Machines → Sidney L. Pressy (2): Invented one of the earliest teaching machines in the 1920s, later improved by Skinner.

 Cone of Experience → Edgar Dale (1): A visual model representing different levels of learning experiences from direct to abstract.

Ans)  B) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1


2)   Who defined “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist to mould his/her materials according to his/her ideals in the studio”?

A) Frobel

B) Crow and Crow

C) Cunningham

D) Pestalozzi

The well-known metaphor is attributed to B. P. Cunningham, who described curriculum as a means in the teacher’s hands (the “artist”) to shape learners (the “material”) within the school (the “studio”) according to educational ideals.

Froebel focused on kindergarten and play-based learning, not this definition.

Crow & Crow offered broader definitions of curriculum as total school experiences, but not this quote.

Pestalozzi emphasized object lessons and child-centered methods, again not this statement.

Ans)  C) Cunningham