1)   Who among the following propagated negative education?

A) Rousseau

B) Aurobindo

C) Rabindra Nath Tagore

D) Plato

“Negative education” is a key idea of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Émile. It does not mean no education; it means avoiding premature, bookish instruction and shielding the child from corrupting social influences so that natural development can unfold. The teacher removes obstacles, provides rich sensory experiences, and delays formal teaching (especially before ~12 years).

Aurobindo advocated integral education (physical–vital–mental–psychic–spiritual).

Tagore promoted naturalistic, aesthetic education at Santiniketan.

Plato proposed an idealist, state-guided education.

Ans)  A) Rousseau


2)  According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the ability to use signs and symbols to represent objects and events is a characteristic of ----- stage.

A) Sensorimotor

B) Pre-operational

C) Concrete operational

D) Formal operational

In the pre-operational stage (≈2–7 years) children develop the symbolic/semiotic function—they use words, images, and pretend play to represent objects and events not physically present (e.g., using a stick as a sword, language explosion).

Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs): cognition tied to direct sensory–motor actions; symbolic thought is just emerging at the end.

Concrete operational (7–11 yrs): logical operations on concrete objects; conservation, decentration—not chiefly about acquiring symbol use.

Formal operational (12+ yrs): abstract, hypothetical, deductive reasoning.

Ans) B) Pre-operational