1)   On the basis of Dale’s cone of experience which of the following learning method is considered to be the most effective?

A) Reading text

B) Watching still pictures

C) Listen to lecture

D) Direct purposeful experience

Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience arranges learning experiences from the most concrete (hands-on, real-life doing) at the base to the most abstract (verbal symbols, reading) at the top. The closer an activity is to direct, real experience, the richer the sensory involvement and the deeper the learning and retention tend to be.

Direct purposeful experience involves “learning by doing”—manipulating real objects, performing real tasks, and engaging multiple senses and motor actions. This promotes stronger understanding, transfer, and long-term retention.

Reading text, listening to a lecture, and watching still pictures are more abstract and passive forms of learning higher up the cone, generally yielding lower engagement and retention compared to hands-on experiences.

Ans)   D) Direct purposeful experience


2. Match the following:

List I                                                 List II

a. Silent Valley Movement               Against the displacement of town                                                                    inhabitants and the environmental                                                                  consequence of the weak ecosystem.

b. Narmada Bachao Andolan            Protecting the evergreen forest from                                                               being destroyed by a hydroelectric                                                                 project.

c. Tehri dam conflict                         Tree hugging: wrapping arms                                                                           around trees and forest protection.

d. Chipko Movement                         Against the large dams being built                                                                   across the Narmada river.


A) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1

B) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3

C) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1

D) a-4, b-2, c-1, d-3

Silent Valley Movement → 2: Kerala’s Silent Valley agitation aimed to save the evergreen tropical rainforest from submergence by a proposed hydroelectric project.

Narmada Bachao Andolan → 4: Led protests against large dams on the Narmada river (e.g., Sardar Sarovar), highlighting displacement and ecological costs.

Tehri Dam conflict → 1: Opposed the Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand due to displacement of Tehri town residents and threats to a fragile Himalayan ecosystem.

Chipko Movement → 3: Famous for villagers hugging trees to prevent felling—grassroots forest conservation in the Garhwal Himalayas.

Ans)  B) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3